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Sarmiza or Sarmisa Bilcescu (later Bilcescu-Alimănişteanu; April 27, 1867-August 26, 1935) was a Romanian lawyer, the first European woman ever to obtain a license and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris, and the first one in her country to practice law. She was married to the engineer Constantin Alimănişteanu. ==Biography== Coming from a family closely associated with that of Ion Brătianu,〔Alin Ciupală, ''Femeia în societatea românească a secolului al XIX-lea'' ("Women in 19th Century Romanian Society"), Editura Meridiane, Bucharest, 2003, p.59-60, 85〕 Sarmiza was accompanied to France by her mother, a self-avowed feminist.〔 Having applied for University in 1884, Bilcescu was given a poor reception at the Faculty; in the words of Edmond Louis Armand Colmet De Santerre, the Professor of Civil law, "We hesitated to award Miss Bilcescu the authorization she demanded, fearing that we would have to police the amphitheaters".〔 Carole Lécuyer, ("Une nouvelle figure de la jeune fille sous la IIIe République: l'étudiante" ("A New Figure of Young Girls under the Third Republic: the Student") ), in ''Clio'', 4/1996〕 She even complained that, after being ultimately accepted, the doorman had not being allowed to enter the University hall (feeling insulted, she pointed out that such behavior contradicted the ''Liberté, égalité, fraternité'' motto present above the gate).〔 Nevertheless, after completing her first year of studies, Colmet De Santerre addressed the student body, mentioning Bilcescu's "relentlessness beyond all praise and exemplary conduct", thanking male students for having "welcomed her as a sister" (the speech was received with applause by the audience).〔 She received a license to practice in 1887.〔〔〔 (''Savoir et Recherche. La Place des Femmes'' ("Knowledge and Research. The Place of Women") ), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opal, Working Paper Nr.16, January 2006, p.7〕 In 1890, when 71% of female students in France were of foreign origin,〔 Bilcescu was also the first female European to obtain her PhD in Law,〔〔〔 Sylvie Chaperon, ("Une génération d’intellectuelles dans le sillage de Simone de Beauvoir" ("A Generation of Intellectuals in the Wake of Simone de Beauvoir") ), in ''Clio'', 13/2001〕〔 Oana Sandu, (''Educaţia feminină în societatea romanească a secolului XIX'' ("Female Education in 19th century Romanian Society"), at miculparis.ro )〕〔 Amalia Vasilescu, (''Imaginarul despre Femeie în Vechiul Regat între pozitv şi negativ'' ("The Image of Women in the Romanian Old Kingdom, between Negative and Positive") ), at the University of Bucharest site〕 two years before the French national Jeanne Chauvin.〔 Her thesis was titled ''De la condition légale de la mère'' ("On the Legal Condition of the Mother").〔〔〔 During the 1880s, a Romanian woman, Christina Cutzarida, had been the first in her country to obtain a doctorate in Medicine.〔 In 1891, following Constantin Dissescu's campaign in her favor,〔 Andreea Ofiţeru, ("Vârsta de aur a avocaturii româneşti" ("The Golden Age of Romanian Law Practice") ), in ''Evenimentul Zilei'', July 3, 2006〕 she was admitted with full honors to the bar association in Ilfov County (which, at that time, also included Bucharest), which was presided over by the notorious lawyer and politician Take Ionescu.〔〔 Aside from being a first in her country (in which women had traditionally been rejected on the basis of Roman law),〔 this event was unprecedented in comparison to most European countries.〔〔 The measure was notably welcomed by the Belgian lawyer and liberal politician Louis Franck, who deemed it "a major innovation".〔 Nevertheless, Bilcescu never practiced.〔〔 Elena Popovici, the next woman to apply for a Romanian bar association, and, incidentally, for the same one in Ilfov, was not accepted (1901).〔 Sarmiza Bilcescu married Constantin Alimănişteanu six years after being admitted to the bar, and subsequently retired from her profession, while remaining active in feminist circles, and being among the founding members of ''Societatea Domnişoarelor Române'' (the Society of Romanian Young Ladies").〔 Together with Ana Haret, Sabina Cantacuzino and Maria N. Filipescu, she created a committee presided over by Queen Marie, which, for a while in 1915, unsuccessfully campaigned in favor of offering supplementary education to women who were denied access to higher learning.〔 Mihail Fărcășanu published her biography in 1947 under the pseudonym Mihai Villara. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sarmiza Bilcescu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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